Deterioration

Deterioration

Definition

Deterioration refers to the progressive disintegration or decline of materials over time, often accelerated by environmental factors, handling, and the presence of chemical or physical stressors such as acid, moisture, mold, or UV exposure.

Causes of Deterioration

• Environmental Factors: Fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and light exposure can weaken materials and promote chemical reactions.
• Chemical Factors: Acids from paper, adhesives, or pollutants, as well as off-gassing from framing materials, can accelerate decay.
• Biological Factors: Mold, mildew, insects, and microbial activity can physically and chemically damage art and archival items.
• Mechanical Factors: Handling, abrasion, folding, or impact can contribute to physical breakdown of materials.
• Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) and high-intensity light can fade pigments and weaken fibers over time.

Types of Material Deterioration

• Yellowing: Discoloration due to acidic reactions in paper or textiles.
• Warping and Cupping: Physical distortion from moisture or temperature fluctuations.
• Cracking and Crazing: Surface fractures in paint, varnish, or coatings.
• Delamination: Separation of layered materials or coatings.

Prevention and Conservation

• Maintain stable temperature and relative humidity in storage and display areas.
• Use archival, acid-free, and buffered materials for framing and storage.
• Limit UV and direct light exposure using UV-filtering glazing or window films.
• Minimize handling and provide protective enclosures for fragile or valuable objects.
• Regularly inspect collections for early signs of deterioration and take corrective action.

Related Terms

• Entropy
• Blooming
• Off Gassing
• Ultraviolet Energy