Gilding is the decorative practice of applying thin sheets of metal-most traditionally gold leaf, but also silver, copper, or imitation foils-to a substrate such as wood, canvas, glass, or metal. The process is used to create a reflective, luminous surface that enhances the visual richness of an object. Gilding is common in picture framing, architectural details, religious art, and furniture finishing.

Techniques

Water Gilding: Involves multiple layers of gesso and bole (clay), onto which gold leaf is applied with water-based adhesive. Produces a high-gloss, burnishable surface.
Oil Gilding: Uses an oil-based size (adhesive) to apply gold or metal leaf, resulting in a more matte surface suitable for carved or exterior work.
Glass Gilding: Also called reverse gilding, where leaf is applied to the back of glass for signage or decorative panels.
Metallic Substitutes: Products like Rub-N-Buff or metallic waxes simulate gilded effects more quickly and economically.

Applications in Picture Framing

Frames: Many fine art frames are gilded with gold leaf to elevate prestige and highlight the artwork.
Accents: Gilding may be used selectively on liner edges, fillets, or mat embellishments.
Restoration: Skilled gilders restore damaged antique frames by regilding worn areas.

Best Practices

Prepare the substrate with smooth gesso and bole layers to achieve maximum brilliance.
Seal with a clear coat when durability and protection are required.
Handle gilded surfaces with cotton gloves to prevent tarnish or scratches.
Apply patina selectively to create aged or antiqued effects.

Limitations

Cost: Real gold leaf is expensive, making large-scale projects costly.
Fragility: Water-gilded finishes can be easily scratched or flaked if unsealed.
Skill requirement: Traditional gilding demands training and precision.

Historical Context

Ancient Egypt: Used gilding in tombs and statues to symbolize divinity.
Medieval & Renaissance: Gilded altarpieces and manuscripts reflected spiritual light and wealth.
Baroque & Rococo Eras: Elaborate gilded frames and furniture signified luxury and status.

Gilding